The states did not accept the bill of rights as laws that applied to them. They were rules that limited the Federal government. You can disagree all you want. However, the Supreme Court explicitly held that the bill of rights guarantees applied only to the Federal government (See Barron V Baltimore 1833).
It wasn't until the 1890's that the courts began to utilize the 14th Amendment to incorporate other Bill of Rights guarantees as protections for citizens from state governments. The 14th Amendment that gave the Federal courts this ability wasn't ratified until 1868.
In fact, in many ways, this was one of the true core disputes the caused the Civil War; states rights. Could the Federal Government impose it's will on the states. This was a much debated point. Slavery was one of the pivot issues that many wanted to Federal government to impose regulation about. In the end, even after the war was won, it took constitutional amendment before the Federal government could begin regulating in this way.
Most regulations relating to due process have been incorporated, giving us a very standard methodolgy for criminal investigation and evidence acquisition. Others, like the 2nd never have been. For a comprehensive list and explanation please see Incorporation (Bill of Rights) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia




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